Ciber violencia contra la pareja en universitarios de España y Latinoamérica / Cyber violence against the couple in university students in Spain and Latin America

El objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar la presencia de ciber violencia contra la pareja en estudiantes universitarios de España y Latinoamérica, así como como analizar su relación con los mitos románticos y el sexismo ambivalente. La investigación tiene un diseño transversal. La muestra estaba formada por 2.798 estudiantes de siete países hispanohablantes: España, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Chile, Argentina y México. Los resultados muestran pocas diferencias de medias entre hombres y mujeres; sin embargo, las diferencias entre países son considerables, sobre todo en la perpetración de agresiones directas y control. Las distintas formas de ciber violencia contra la pareja tienden a correlacionar, en una dirección positiva, con las actitudes sexistas y las creencias distorsionadas sobre el amor romántico. En conclusión, los programas de prevención deberían tener en cuenta las nuevas manifestaciones de la violencia que están apareciendo en los espacios virtuales.(AU)

The objective of the research was to study the presence of cyber violenceagainst partners in university students in Spain and Latin America, as well as toanalyze its relationship with romantic myths and ambivalent sexism. The researchhas a cross-sectional design. The sample was made up of 2,798 students fromseven Spanish-speaking countries: Spain, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Chile,Argentina, and Mexico. The results show few differences in means between menand women; However, the differences between countries are considerable,especially in the perpetration of direct attacks and control. The different forms ofcyber violence against a partner tend to correlate, in a positive direction, with sexistattitudes and distorted beliefs about romantic love. In conclusion, preventionprograms should take into account the new manifestations of violence that areappearing in virtual spaces.(AU)

Efficient mitosis detection: leveraging pre-trained faster R-CNN and cell-level classification.

The assessment of mitotic activity is an integral part of the comprehensive evaluation of breast cancer pathology. Understanding the level of tumor dissemination is essential for assessing the severity of the malignancy and guiding appropriate treatment strategies. A pathologist must manually perform the intricate and time-consuming task of counting mitoses by examining biopsy slices stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) under a microscope. Mitotic cells can be challenging to distinguish in H&E-stained sections due to limited available datasets and similarities among mitotic and non-mitotic cells. Computer-assisted mitosis detection approaches have simplified the whole procedure by selecting, detecting, and labeling mitotic cells. Traditional detection strategies rely on image processing techniques that apply custom criteria to distinguish between different aspects of an image. Additionally, the automatic feature extraction from histopathology images that exhibit mitosis using neural networks.Additionally, the possibility of automatically extracting features from histopathological images using deep neural networks was investigated. This study examines mitosis detection as an object detection problem using multiple neural networks. From a medical standpoint, mitosis at the tissue level was also investigated utilising pre-trained Faster R-CNN and raw image data. Experiments were done on the MITOS-ATYPIA- 14 dataset and TUPAC16 dataset, and the results were compared to those of other methods described in the literature.

Rethinking sexual violence labels: exploring the impact of 'victim' and 'survivor' discourse.

Background: Universities' responses to sexual violence have faced scrutiny for their lack of proactiveness and their failure to address campus socio-cultural norms that contribute to rape myth acceptance. The labels victim and survivor play a crucial role in shaping attitudes toward sexual violence, but there is limited research on how university students perceive these labels.Objective: This paper explores sexual violence labels and their role in perpetuating rape culture. Undergraduate university students' beliefs on using the label survivor instead of victim to describe someone who has experienced sexual violence were examined to consider how these labels create societal discourse on sexual violence.Method: The study draws on qualitative data collected from undergraduate students in Canada and the United States through open-response questions in an interactive textbook. Data were analysed and interpreted using a multi-method approach that combined principles of Critical Discourse Analysis and Feminist Poststructuralism. Direct quotes and word clouds from participants' responses are used as evidence and to visually display discourse.Results: Findings revealed that participants recognised the negative societal discourses associated with the label victim and supported using survivor to challenge perceptions of sexual violence. Despite this, participants expressed hesitancy to adopt the label survivor because of the potential negative implications, such as the label promoting the allocation of individual blame, increasing barriers to justice, and reducing the perceived severity of sexual violence.Conclusions: This study underscores the complexities of sexual violence labels, the influence of language in shaping societal perceptions, and the need for a more comprehensive and equitable approach to responding to sexual violence.

Dichotomy of Labels and Nuanced Perceptions: Sexual violence labels shape identity perceptions. Participants dichotomised the labels victim and survivor, associating one with negative attributes and the other with positive attributes. However, nuanced views of how people perceive and identify with these labels challenge distinct categories. Victims being negatively perceived, while survivors are admired for their resiliency highlights complexities in societal expectations that may not fully address the underlying determinants of sexual violence.Role of Language in Reproduction of Rape Culture: Poststructuralist theories emphasise the role of language in the production and maintenance of discourse. The study shows that victim discourse is steeped in rape myths. The historical discourse surrounding the label may contribute to the perpetuation of negative attitudes and behaviours toward victims of sexual violence. The emergence of the label survivor reflects a societal shift, but findings suggest this may lead to societal complacency towards sexual violence.Spectrum of Severity and Societal Empathy: Participants' understanding of sexual violence as a spectrum of severity may lead to unequal levels of empathy and support. This discourse creates positions of dominance and oppression, potentially marginalising certain groups who are disproportionately affected by sexual violence. The study highlights how severity discourse can influence institutional agendas and may result in political and institutional neglect of sexual violence.

Healthcare resource utilization at different stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Results from a real-world survey.

People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (pALS) require complex, multi-disciplinary care, resulting in extensive healthcare resource utilization (HCRU). To investigate the relationship between HCRU and ALS progression, the study objectives were (i) to characterize HCRU in pALS and (ii) to establish whether this varied according to disease stage, as defined using three different methodologies: neurologist-defined early/mid/late stage, the King's clinical staging system for ALS, and the Milan Torino Staging system for ALS (MiToS). Real-world data were drawn from the Adelphi ALS Disease-Specific Programme™, a point-in-time survey of neurologists in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the USA conducted July 2020-March 2021. The analysis included survey responses from 142 physicians with respect to 880 pALS. With advancing ALS stage, significant differences were observed in the number of healthcare professional consultations and X-rays per person (both p < 0.05 for all staging systems), and the proportion of pALS with emergency room admissions, intensive care unit admissions, and assisted ventilation (all p < 0.05 for all staging systems). Across stages, >55% of pALS received care from a general neurologist and a general/primary care practitioner. With increasing stage, there was a significant difference in the proportion receiving care from a physical therapist, pulmonologist/respiratory care practitioner, respiratory therapist, speech/language therapist, and palliative care team, and in the proportion receiving care only from professional caregivers (all p < 0.05 for all staging systems). This study confirmed the substantial HCRU required to support pALS through all stages of ALS and highlighted an increasing need for healthcare resources as the disease progresses.

Metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de los mitos de violación / Meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the rape myths

Resumen Los mitos de violación son actitudes y creencias generalmente falsas, amplias y persistentes, acerca de la violación, la víctima y el agresor, que son utilizadas para negar o justificar la agresión sexual hacia las mujeres. En las últimas dos décadas, los instrumentos más utilizados para medir este constructo corresponden a la escala de aceptación de mitos de violación de Illinois (IRMAS), que utiliza expresiones directas y explícitas mediante un lenguaje clásico, y la escala de aceptación de mitos modernos de agresión sexual (AMMSA) que usa un lenguaje sutil, indirecto y moderno. Se realizó un metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de 69 estudios empíricos que utilizaron alguna de las dos escalas de mitos de violación. El objetivo fue estimar la fiabilidad media de las puntuaciones combinadas de las escalas IRMAS y AMMSA para obtener un valor aproximado de su fiabilidad general y evaluar el posible efecto moderador de algunas variables de interés. El promedio de la fiabilidad por consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de las escalas para las 98 muestras estudiadas fue de .85, IC95 % [.84, .86]. Se observó una alta heterogeneidad (I. = 96 %), y el número de ítems es la única variable moderadora que explica significativamente la variabilidad de la fiabilidad observada. Estos resultados muestran que ambas escalas presentan índices de consistencia interna aceptables en sus diversas aplicaciones. Por lo tanto, las medidas de aceptación de mitos de violación cumplen con los criterios de fiabilidad adecuados para ser utilizadas en investigaciones empíricas en distintos contextos.

Abstract Rape myths are widespread and persistent attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes, usually false, about rape, the victim, and the perpetrator. Their function is to deny and justify sexual assaults against women, affecting the victim's attributions of responsibility and the perpetrator's attributions of guilt in rape cases. These myths exert a bias in the processing of information, directing attention and perception toward stimuli that justify the victim's responsibility for sexual aggression. These beliefs can be grouped into several types of myths: Myths that hold the victim responsible by arguing that women should be careful and not expose themselves to avoid sexual aggression, myths that justify and reduce the responsibility of the aggressor by stating that the man could not contain his sexual desire and those myths that deny or normalize sexual aggression, which propose that rape occurs only in very specific contexts. In the last two decades, the instruments most commonly used to measure these beliefs are The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), which uses direct and explicit expressions through classic language, and the Modern Sexual Assault Myth Acceptance Scale (AMMSA), where its expressions are modern, subtle and indirect. Considering the wide use of these instruments, it is justified to provide empirical evidence showing information on the psychometric properties of these scales. One of the procedures for synthesizing empirical results is meta-analyses (MA). This methodology can synthesize studies of specific variables and analyze the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, providing relevant information on the quality of a given scale. Within this last type of RM are reliability generalizations (RG), those that study the reliability coefficients obtained in different applications of a scale, providing evidence on the properties of the measures used in measuring a construct. A meta-analysis of the RGs of 69 empirical studies that used any of the rape myth scales was performed. The objective was to estimate the mean reliability of the combined scores of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales to obtain an approximate value of their overall reliability and to assess the possible moderating effect of some variables of interest (e.g., research design, culture, sample type, etc.). The mean internal consistency reliability of the scale scores for the 98 samples studied was .85, 95 % C.I. [.84, .86] and the mean coefficient for each of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales was .84 and .85 respectively. All these values are above .80, a value established as satisfactory reliability of the instrument for general research. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported by the studies ranged from .71 to .98, with values considered moderate to excellent. These results show that both scales present acceptable internal consistency indices in various applications. There is high heterogeneity (I. = 96 %), with the number of items being the only moderating variable significantly explaining the observed reliability variability. This result was to be expected, given that the effect of test length on the estimation of reliability indices has a long tradition and is widely known in the psychometric literature.

Multi CNN based automatic detection of mitotic nuclei in breast histopathological images.

In breast cancer diagnosis, the number of mitotic cells in a specific area is an important measure. It indicates how far the tumour has spread, which has consequences for forecasting the aggressiveness of cancer. Mitosis counting is a time-consuming and challenging technique that a pathologist does manually by examining Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained biopsy slices under a microscope. Due to limited datasets and the resemblance between mitotic and non-mitotic cells, detecting mitosis in H&E stained slices is difficult. By assisting in the screening, identifying, and labelling of mitotic cells, computer-aided mitosis detection technologies make the entire procedure much easier. For computer-aided detection approaches of smaller datasets, pre-trained convolutional neural networks are extensively employed. The usefulness of a multi CNN framework with three pre-trained CNNs is investigated in this research for mitosis detection. Features were collected from histopathology data and identified using VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet201 pre-trained networks. The proposed framework utilises all training folders of the MITOS dataset provided for the MITOS-ATYPIA contest 2014 and all the 73 folders of the TUPAC16 dataset. Each pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network model, such as VGG16, ResNet50 and DenseNet201, provides an accuracy of 83.22%, 73.67%, and 81.75%, respectively. Different combinations of these pre-trained CNNs constitute a multi CNN framework. Performance measures of multi CNN consisting of 3 pre-trained CNNs with Linear SVM give 93.81% precision and 92.41% F1-score compared to multi CNN combinations with other classifiers such as Adaboost and Random Forest.

MiToS and King's staging as clinical outcome measures in ALS: a retrospective analysis of the FORTITUDE-ALS trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Milano-Torino staging (MiToS) and King's staging systems as potential outcome measures for clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by assessing these outcomes in FORTITUDE-ALS. METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of the phase 2b FORTITUDE-ALS trial (NCT03160898), a double-blind, randomized, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of reldesemtiv in patients with ALS. The treatment period was 12 weeks, with a follow-up assessment at week 16. Patients were retrospectively classified into MiToS and King's stages. Outcomes were the mean time maintaining baseline stage and risk of progression from the baseline stage to a later stage. RESULTS: The full analysis set consisted of 456 patients randomized 3:1 (reldesemtiv n = 342, placebo n = 114) who received at least one dose of double-blind study drug and had at least one post-baseline assessment. At baseline, MiToS and King's stages were balanced between the reldesemtiv and placebo groups: >99% of patients were in MiToS stage 0 or 1 and King's stage 1, 2 or 3. Time of maintaining the baseline stage was similar in both groups, for each staging system. The two staging systems exhibited considerably disparate results for risk of progression from baseline to a later stage: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38, 0.99) for MiToS and HR = 0.96 (95% CI 0.63, 1.44) for King's. CONCLUSION: This exploratory analysis showed the feasibility of MiToS and King's staging as potential outcome measures in ALS. Additional studies of these staging systems are needed to further explore their utility in ALS clinical trials.

Difusión de la hipnosis en prensa online escrita en español / Dissemination of hypnosis in the online press written in Spanish

Las creencias y expectativas sobre hipnosis de pacientes/clientes y de profesionales cualificados influyen en la decisión de usar este procedimiento, así́ como en sus efectos. Por otro lado, en Internet hay mucha información sobre hipnosis, que configura la opinión del público y de los profesionales. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la calidad de la información difundida por la prensa online no especializada. Se han analizado 334 (de 2011 a 2012) y 200 artículos (de 2018 a 2019) publicados en español en prensa online no especializada. Los resultados muestran que, aunque un elevado número de artículos desmitifica la hipnosis, muchos de ellos difunden mitos al mismo tiempo. El mayor porcentaje de artículos que desmitifican la hipnosis está asociado al tema “Ciencia y Cultura”. Los resultados indican que los mitos están ampliamente presentes en la cultura popular y se mantienen con el apoyo de su continua difusión en los artículos de prensa online. Esto reafirma la importancia de fomentar la difusión de evidencia científica disponible sobre la investigación aplicada y básica sobre hipnosis. (AU)

The patients/clients and the skilled professionals’ beliefs and expectations about hypnosis, influence the decision to use this procedure as well as its effects. On the other hand, in the Internet there is plenty of information about hypnosis, which shapes opinions of public and professionals. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the quality of the information disseminated by non-specialized online press. 334 articles (from 2011 to 2012) and 200 articles (from 2018-2019) written in Spanish and published online in non-specialized publications press have been analyzed. Results show that, although a high number of articles demystify hypnosis, many of them disseminate myths as well. The highest percentage ofarticles that demystify hypnosis is associated with the press topic “Science and Culture”. Results indicate that myths are broadly present in the popular culture and are maintained with the support of their ongoing dissemination in the newspapers online articles. This supports the importance of fostering the dissemination of scientific available evidence about applied and basic research on hypnosis. (AU)

Analysing the influencing factors on caregivers' burden among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients in China: a cross-sectional study based on data mining.

OBJECTIVES: There is significant burden on caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, only a few studies have focused on caregivers, and traditional research methods have obvious shortcomings in dealing with multiple influencing factors. This study was designed to explore influencing factors on caregiver burden among ALS patients and their caregivers from a new perspective. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The data were collected at an affiliated hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-seven pairs of patients with ALS and their caregivers were investigated by standardised questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: This study primarily assessed the influencing factor of caregiver burden including age, gender, education level, economic status, anxiety, depression, social support, fatigue, sleep quality and stage of disease through data mining. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was established by Python 3.8.1 to minimise the effect of multicollinearity. RESULTS: According to LASSO regression model, we found 10 variables had weights. Among them, Milano-Torinos (MITOS) stage (0-1) had the highest weight (-12.235), followed by younger age group (-3.198), lower-educated group (2.136), fatigue (1.687) and social support (-0.455). Variables including sleep quality, anxiety, depression and sex (male) had moderate weights in this model. Economic status (common), economic status (better), household (city), household (village), educational level (high), sex (female), age (older) and MITOS stage (2-4) had a weight of zero. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the severity of ALS patients is the most influencing factor in caregiver burden. Caregivers of ALS patients may suffer less from caregiver burden when the patients are less severe, and the caregivers are younger. Low educational status could increase caregiver burden. Caregiver burden is positively correlated with the degree of fatigue and negatively correlated with social support. Hopefully, more attention should be paid to caregivers of ALS, and effective interventions can be developed to relieve this burden.

Myth and origin of the Karitiana ethnicity.

This paper presents the narrative of vice-chief Meireles Karitiana, with the participation of chief-shaman Cizino Karitiana, who discusses the Karitiana people's origin myth, particularly in relation to the tension between God and Orá, his brother - a tension between good and evil. The paper describes what can be understood of ancestral life, and the value of connecting life and earth today, especially the forest. It highlights some aspects of the myth related particularly to consumption, domination, anthropocentricity, and the transcendent emergence of a third energy from the tension between the 'good' God and his 'bad' brother; this is related to Jungian thinking.

Cet article traite du récit du vice-chef Meireles Karitiana - avec la participation du chamane-chef Cizino Karitiana - qui aborde le mythe d'origine du peuple Karitiana, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la tension entre Dieu et Ora, son frère - une tension entre le bien et le mal. L'article décrit ce que l'on peut comprendre de la vie ancestrale, et l'importance de mettre en lien la vie et la terre aujourd'hui, et tout particulièrement la forêt. L'article souligne certains aspects du mythe, particulièrement ceux qui se rapportent à la consommation, la domination, l'anthropocentricité, et l'émergence transcendante d'une troisième énergie à partir de la tension entre le 'bon' Dieu et son 'mauvais' frère. Ceci est mis en lien avec la pensée Jungienne.

El siguiente trabajo presenta la narrativa del vice-jefe Meireles Karitiana con la participación del chamán Cizino Karitiana, quienes debaten acerca del mito de origen de la población Karitiana, particularmente con relación a la tensión entre Dios y Orá, su hermano - una tensión entre el bien y el mal. El trabajo describe la comprensión que podemos ganar de la vida ancestral, y el valor de conectar la vida y la tierra hoy, especialmente la selva. Destaca algunos aspectos del mito relacionados particularmente al consumo, la dominación, el antropocentrismo, y la emergencia trascendente de una tercera energía a partir de la tensión entre el 'buen' Dios y su hermano 'malo', lo cual se relaciona con el pensamiento Junguiano.

Este artigo apresenta a narrativa do vice-chefe Meireles Karitiana, com a participação do xamã-chefe Cizino Karitiana, que discute o mito de origem do povo Karitiana, particularmente em relação à tensão entre Deus e Orá, seu irmão - uma tensão entre o bem e o mal. O artigo descreve o que pode ser entendido sobre a vida ancestral e o valor de conectar a vida e a terra hoje, especialmente a floresta. Ele destaca alguns aspectos do mito relacionados particularmente ao consumo, dominação, antropocentricidade e ao surgimento transcendente de uma terceira energia da tensão entre o Deus "bom" e seu irmão "ruim" isso está relacionado ao pensamento junguiano.

Conocimiento y mitos del preservativo interno en población de 15 a 25 años, Región Metropolitana / Knowledge and myths of the internal condom in the population aged 15 to 25, Metropolitan Region

INTRODUCCIÓN: El preservativo interno, de vagina o femenino, es un método de barrera fabricado principalmente de poliuretano, que tiene una longitud de la funda de 17 cm y un diámetro de 7,8 cm. Se usa para tener prácticas sexuales seguras, ya que, al igual que el condón de pene, evita la gestación y disminuye el riesgo de adquirir una infección de transmisión sexual. OBJETIVO: Analizar conocimientos y mitos sobre el preservativo interno en personas de 15 a 25 años de las provincias de Santiago, Melipilla y Talagante, de la Región Metropolitana, Chile, en 2021. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cinco mujeres y cinco hombres, con un total de 110 participantes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo como resultado que tan solo un 5% de los encuestados (6/110) ha utilizado el preservativo interno; en contraste, el de pene ha sido utilizado por el 79% de las personas participantes (87/110). Respecto a los mitos, un 55% de la población (60/110) afirma que al usar ambos preservativos aumenta su efectividad. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible concluir que factores como la edad y el nivel de educación sexual influyen en los conocimientos y mitos que giran alrededor del preservativo interno.

INTRODUCTION: The internal, vaginal or female condom is a barrier method made mainly of polyurethane, which has a sheath length of 17 cm and a diameter of 7.8 cm. It is used to have safe sexual practices, since, like the penis condom, they prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. OBJECTIVE: To analyze knowledge and myths about the internal condom in people between 15 and 25 years of age in the provinces of Santiago, Melipilla and Talagante of the Metropolitan Region, Chile, in 2021. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 5 females and 5 males, with a total of 110 participants. RESULTS: It was obtained as a result that only 5% of the respondents (6/110) have used the internal condom; in contrast, the penis condom has been used by 79% of the participants (87/110). Regarding myths, 55% of the population (60/110) affirm that using both condoms increases their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to conclude that factors such as age and level of sexual education influence the knowledge and myths that revolve around the internal condom.

El Amor romántico y sus mitos en Colombia: una revisión sistemática / The Romantic Love and Related Myths in Colombia: A Systematic Review

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, la violencia de pareja es una importante causa de agresión contra las mujeres. Sus principales detonantes son el machismo, los celos y la infidelidad. Algunas investigaciones señalan que los "mitos románticos" podrían contribuir a esta violencia, al reafirmar roles de género desiguales y patriarcales. Método: El trabajo es una revisión sistemática cualitativa, orientada a sintetizar los estudios empíricos sobre el amor romántico en Colombia. Siguiendo el protocolo Prisma, la muestra estuvo conformada por los artículos de mayor impacto, publicados en bases de datos especializadas de ciencias sociales, con énfasis en la psicología, se seleccionaron 26 estudios. Resultados: Los resultados señalan que los mitos románticos se encuentran relacionados con la violencia de pareja. En particular, los celos y la infidelidad constituyen los detonantes prioritarios de la agresión. Conclusión: Se concluye que el marco de creencias sociales sobre el amor en la cultura colombiana es fuertemente patriarcal, marco que se sustenta en un relacionamiento desigual, dominador y controlador entre los sexos, conducente a la violencia en la pareja.

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, domestic violence is an important cause of aggression against women with machoism, jealously, and infidelity being the key triggers. Some research indicates that romantic love and related myths may be contributing factors towards the emergence or persistence of domestic violence, as they reaffirm unequal and patriarchal gender roles. Method: This work is a systematic review aimed to synthase the empirical studies about romantic love in Colombia. Following the Prisma protocol, the sample was made up of high-impact articles published in specialized databases about social science with a focus on psychology and 26 were selected. Results: The results pointed that in the Colombian context, the romantic myths are found related to domestic violence, and jealousy and infidelity appearing as signs of aggression. Conclusion: It is concluded that the background of the social beliefs about romantic love in the Colombian culture is highly patriarchal, holding is an unequal, dominating and controlling relationship between the sexes that conduces the gender violence in relationships

Percepción de riesgo, automedicación, mitos y creencias relacionados con COVID-19 entre jefes de hogar peruanos / Risk perception, self-medication, myths, and beliefs related with COVID-19 among Peruvian head of households

Resumen Introducción: A más de un año del inicio de la pandemia COVID-19, el número de contagiados y muertes aún presenta frecuencias que escapan al control de manejo hospitalario. Aunado al temor, se acrecentó la aparición de mitos, creencias, automedicación e inadecuada percepción de riesgo en la población. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de riesgo, automedicación, mitos y creencias de prevención respecto al COVID-19 en adultos jefes de hogar del distrito Gregorio Albarracín de Tacna en el 2020. Material y métodos: Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra representativa de 250 jefes de hogar, residentes en el distrito Gregorio Albarracín. Resultados: El promedio total del grupo en percepción del riesgo expresado en porcentaje fue de 60,96 % (59,81-62,11) de un total de probable esperado ideal de 100 %. La percepción de "estar en riesgo en la pandemia" es baja. Solo el 15,20 % acató el aislamiento domiciliario estricto cuando fue indicado. El 14,8 % se automedicaba y en este grupo, los productos usados fueron Ivermectina (48,6 %) y dióxido de cloro (45,9 %). Los mitos y creencias más frecuentes fueron "rociarse con alcohol o cloro mata el virus" y "los remedios caseros pueden curar o prevenir el coronavirus". Hubo diferencia según edad (p<0,05), nivel de instrucción (p<0,001). Conclusiones: La automedicación estuvo fuertemente asociada con elevada percepción de riesgo (p<0,001) y presencia de mitos y creencias (p<0,001). El nivel de instrucción estuvo altamente asociado con la presencia de mitos y creencias (p<0,001)

Abstract Introduction: More than a year after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of infections and deaths is still beyond the control of hospital management. In addition to fear, myths, beliefs, self-medication and inadequate risk perception in the population have increased. Objective: To identify the perception of risk, self-medication, myths and prevention beliefs regarding COVID-19 in adult heads of household in the Gregorio Albarracin district of Tacna in 2020. Method: A survey was administered to a representative sample of 250 heads of household residing in the Gregorio Albarracin district. Results: The total average of the group in risk perception expressed as a percentage was 60.96% (59.81-62.11) out of a total expected ideal of 100%. The perception of "being at risk in the pandemic" is low. Only 15.20% adhered to strict home isolation when instructed to do so. The 14.8% self-medicated and in this group, the products used were ivermectin (48.6%) and chlorine dioxide (45.9%). The most frequent myths and beliefs were "spraying with alcohol or chlorine kills the virus" "home remedies can cure or prevent coronavirus"; there were differences according to age (p<0.05) and educational level (p<0.001). Conclusions: self-medication was strongly associated with high-risk perception (p<0.001) and presence of myths and beliefs (p<0.001). Educational level was highly associated with the presence of myths and beliefs (p<0.001).

Diferencias de género en percepciones sobre violencia sexual, igualdad y agresiones sexuales facilitadas por drogas en ocio nocturno / Gender-based differences in perceptions about sexual violence, equality and drug-facilitated sexual assaults in nightlife contexts

La violencia sexual, incluyendo las agresiones sexuales facilitadas pordrogas, es un serio problema cada vez más común en los contextos de ocionocturno. Este trabajo estudia las actitudes y percepciones de la juventudespañola en torno a la violencia sexual en dicho ámbito. Los participantesse reclutaron mediante muestreo en bola de nieve. Se realizó un análisisbivariado para identificar posibles factores sociodemográficos y de ocionocturno relacionados con género. La significación estadística de lasdiferencias entre estas variables se evaluó mediante las pruebas de chicuadrado y exacta de Fisher. Las mujeres percibieron un menor nivelde seguridad personal, así como la existencia de percepciones socialesque penalizan en mayor medida el consumo de drogas femenino que elmasculino, y que culpabilizan a las mujeres por la violencia que sufren.Además, ellos mostraron mayor disposición a mantener relaciones sexualescon personas incapaces de otorgar su consentimiento debido a los efectosde las drogas. Los hombres creen en mayor medida que las agresionessexuales ocurren debido al uso de alcohol u otras drogas por parte delas víctimas. En el contexto de ocio nocturno, las mujeres son propensasa percibir la existencia de una falta de apoyo social hacia ellas, así comoun sentimiento de impunidad social hacia los agresores. Además, existennumerosas concepciones erróneas en torno a las agresiones sexualesfacilitadas por drogas. La mayoría cree que las agresiones ocurren trasla administración encubierta de sustancias a la víctima por parte de unagresor desconocido. Además, se subestimó la participación del alcohol.Nuestros hallazgos son útiles para diseñar esfuerzos preventivos biendirigidos, desmitificar el fenómeno de las agresiones sexuales facilitadaspor drogas y mejorar el apoyo social a las víctimas. (AU)

Sexual violence, including drug-facilitated sexual assaults, is a seriousissue that is becoming increasingly common in leisure nightlife contexts.This study provides information about the attitudes and perceptionsof Spanish youths towards sexual violence within that setting. Theparticipants were recruited by a snowball sampling scheme. A bivariateanalysis was performed to identify possible sociodemographic andnightlife recreational habit factors related to gender. The statisticalsignificance of the differences between the studied variables was assessedusing the chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Women perceived a lowlevel of personal security, as well as the existence of social perceptionspenalizing female more than male drug use, and blaming women for thesexual violence they suffer. Women also recognised less explicit violentbehaviours as violence significantly more than men did. Men were morewilling to have sexual intercourse with someone unable to expressconsent because of drugs. In addition, they believed more strongly thatsexual assaults take place because of the victim’s use of alcohol or otherdrugs. In a leisure nightlife context, women are prone to perceive alack of social support for themselves and the feeling of impunity for theperpetrators. Furthermore, numerous misconceptions surround drugfacilitated sexual assaults, with the majority of respondents believingthat assaults happen after the surreptitious administration of substancesto the victim by an unknown assailant. Moreover, the involvement ofalcohol was underestimated. Our findings are useful for designingprevention efforts, demystifying the drug-facilitated sexual assaults andenhancing social support for victims. (AU)

Mitos sobre violencia de género en una población de jóvenes andaluces y factores asociados / Myths about gender violence in a population of young Andalusians and associated factors

Objetivo principal: Analizar el grado de acuerdo en relación con una serie de mitos sobre violencia de género en personas jóvenes, y explorar factores asociados. Metodología: Estudio transversal mediante cuestionario voluntario y anónimo a jóvenes < 25 años residentes en Andalucía detectados por el alumnado de enfermería de la Universidad de Granada durante los años 2016 y 2018. Resultados principales: Participaron un total de 3291 jóvenes. Los mitos con mayor grado de acuerdo fueron: “Los maltratadores son violentos por naturaleza” (37%) y “Los maltratadores están locos” (36,3%). En 2018, respecto a 2016, se duplica el riesgo de estar de acuerdo con pensar que los maltratadores tienen problemas con el alcohol o drogas (OR=2,46; IC95%=2,02-3,00), la violencia de género ocurre en familias de bajo nivel económico o académico (OR=2,17; IC95%=1.54-3,04), o que son casos aislados (OR=2,02; IC95%=1.44-2.83). Conclusión principal: Persisten ciertos mitos entre la población juvenil andaluza, y además en los últimos años, algunos se han visto reforzados. (Au)

Objective: Analyze the degree of agreement in relation to a series of myths about gender violence in young people, and explore associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a voluntary and anonymous questionnaire to young people <25 years of age living in Andalusia detected by the Nursing students of the University of Granada during the years 2016 and 2018. Results: A total of 3,291 young people participated. The myths with the highest degree of agreement were: “Batterers are violent by nature” (37%) and “Batterers are crazy” (36.3%). In 2018, compared to 2016, the risk of agreeing with thinking that abusers have problems with alcohol or drugs is doubled (OR = 2.46; 95% CI = 2.02-3.00), gender violence occurs in families of low economic or academic level (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.54-3.04), or that are isolated cases (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.44-2.83). Conclusions: Certain myths persist among the Andalusian youth population, and also in recent years, some have been reinforced. (AU)

La Asimetría Cerebral, Retos para la Relación Neuropsicología y Educación / Brain Asymmetry, Relationship Challenges Neuropsychology and Education / Assimetria cerebral, desafios de relacionamento, neuropsicologia e educação

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo de la neurociencia en relación a la educación ha sido desafiante y sus avances. Objetivo: Analizar hermenéutica y sistemática la línea de desarrollo teórico en artículos cualitativos y cuantitativos publicados entre los años 1999 y 2020 de las relaciones entre la asimetría cerebral dentro de las disciplinas: la neuropsicología y la educación. Materiales y métodos: Análisis hermenéutico desarrollado bajo el esquema de la interpretación de los textos primarios y secundarios, evaluados desde la rigurosidad de la hermenéutica en sus cuatro formas de evaluación: "fijación del discurso"; "disociación mental e intención del autor"; "muestra de las referencias no ostensivas" y "universalidad del documento: ¿A quién está dirigido?". Resultado: La investigación sobre las asimetrías cerebrales (funcionales y anatómicas), especialmente en cuanto al uso de la mano contraria (izquierda o derecha) a la de su lateralidad y su diseminación ha sido limitada e históricamente polarizada haciendo más énfasis en asimetrías cerebrales entendidas desde la influencia fisiológica neurológica y en muestra de resultados desde la actividad cerebral en neuroimágenes. Conclusión: La neuropsicología y la educación en su trabajo sobre las asimetrías cerebrales han estado relacionados a los conceptos médicos: anatomía y fisiología. La "nueva visión" y el surgimiento de especialidades como la neuropsicología, creando la necesidad de dar respuesta a los procesos de aprendizaje y las conexiones existentes entre una y otra.

Abstract Introduction: The development of neuroscience in relation to education has been challenging throughout its development. Objective: To analyze hermeneutically and systematically the line of theoretical development in qualitative and quantitative articles published between 1999 and 2020 of the relationships between brain asymmetry within the disciplines: neuropsychology and education. Materials and methods: Hermeneutical analysis developed under the scheme of the interpretation of primary and secondary texts, evaluated from the scientific rigurosity of hermeneutics in its four forms of evaluation: "discourse fixation"; "Mental dissociation and intention of the author"; "Sample of nonostentatious references'' and "universality of the document: Who is it addressed to?". Result: Research on brain asymmetries (functional and anatomical), especially regarding the use of the opposite hand (left or right) to its laterality and its dissemination has been limited and historically polarized, placing more emphasis on brain asymmetries understood from the neurological physiological influence and the sample of results from brain activity in neuro-images. Conclusion: Neuropsychology and education in their work on brain asymmetries have been related to medical concepts: anatomy and physiology. The "new vision" and the unfolding of specialties such as neuropsychology, creating the need to respond to the learning process and the existing connections between one and the other.

Resumo Introdução: O desenvolvimento da neurociência em relação à educação tem sido desafiador e seus avanços. O objetivo é analisar hermenêutica e sistematicamente a linha de desenvolvimento teórico em artigos qualitativos e quantitativos publicados entre 1999 e 2020 das relações entre assimetria cerebral nas disciplinas: neuropsicologia e educação. Materiais e Métodos: Análise hermenêutica desenvolvida sob o esquema da interpretação de textos primários e secundários, avaliada a partir do rigor da hermenêutica em suas quatro formas de avaliação: "fixação do discurso"; "Dissociação mental e intenção do autor"; "Amostra de referências não ostensivas" e "universalidade do documento: a quem se dirige?". Resultado: as pesquisas sobre assimetrias cerebrais (funcionais e anatômicas), principalmente quanto ao uso da mão oposta (esquerda ou direita) à sua lateralidade e sua disseminação tem sido limitada e historicamente polarizada, dando mais ênfase às assimetrias cerebrais entendidas a partir da influência fisiológica neurológica e a amostra de resultados da atividade cerebral em neuroimagens. Conclusão: a neuropsicologia e a educação em seu trabalho sobre as assimetrias cerebrais têm sido relacionadas aos conceitos médicos: anatomia e fisiologia. A "nova visão" e o surgimento de especialidades como a neuropsicologia, criando a necessidade de responder ao processo de aprendizagem e às ligações existentes entre um e outro.

Mitos, crenças e atitudes sobre suicídio: visão de profissionais de segurança / Myths, beliefs and attitudes about suicide: safety professionals' view / Mitos, creencias y actitudes sobre el suicidio: opiniones de los profesionales de seguridad

O objetivo foi identificar percepções sobre o suicídio de profissionais militares (N=464) que atendem urgências de vítimas de Tentativa de Autoextermínio. Foram utilizados a Escala de Mitos, Crenças e Atitudes sobre Suicídio (EMCAS), Questionário Psicossocial de Valores e questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados apontaram, na EMCAS, que os participantes tinham algum nível de conhecimento sobre essa temática com base em evidências científicas. Dois fatores da escala de valores pessoais foram preditores de mitos e crenças sobre o suicídio: hedonismo/materialismo predisse negativamente, e bem-estar social foi preditor positivo. Os resultados podem contribuir para um melhor atendimento de pessoas que atentam contra a própria vida.

The objective was to identify suicide perceptions of military professionals (N=464) who attend to urgencies from victims of self-extermination attempt. The Scale of Myths, Beliefs and Attitudes about Suicide (EMCAS, in Portuguese), the Psychosocial Values Questionnaire and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. The results, found by the EMCAS, showed that the participants had some level of knowledge of this topic based on scientific evidence. Two factors on the scale of personal values ​​were predictors of myths and beliefs about suicide: hedonism / materialism predicted negatively, and social well-being was the positive predictor. The results can contribute to a better care for people who attempt against their own lives.

El objetivo fue identificar las percepciones sobre el suicidio de profesionales militares (N= 464) que atienden emergencias de víctimas de intento de suicidio. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Mitos, Creencias y Actitudes sobre Suicidio (EMCAS), el Cuestionario de Valores Psicosociales y el cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados mostraron, en EMCAS, una indicación de que los participantes tenían cierto nivel de conocimiento sobre este tema. Dos factores en la escala de valores personales fueron predictores de mitos y creencias sobre el suicidio: el hedonismo/materialismo predijo negativamente y el bienestar social fue un predictor positivo. Los resultados pueden contribuir a una mejor atención a las personas que atentan contra sus propias vidas.

Lições de um xamã Yanomami para a construção de uma identidade pós-antropocêntrica / Lessons from a Yanomami shaman for the construction of a post-anthropocentric identity / Lecciones de un chaman Yanomami para la construcción de una identidad post-antropocéntrica

O imaginário da cultura ocidental reserva à figura do humano um lugar excepcional e identificado com a totalidade cosmológica: a "humanidade" é dada como certa na construção da identidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se atribui aos seres não-humanos um estatuto de não-sujeitos. Este trabalho parte do pressuposto de que esta visão de mundo se ancora sobre uma estrutura fundamentalmente mítica, que tem como um importante representante a narrativa de criação do mundo da Bíblia Hebraico-Cristã. Sendo assim, este trabalho propõe uma análise das relações entre humanidade e animalidade expressas no Gênesis, primeiro livro da Bíblia, comparando-as com a forma como essas mesmas relações são expressas em um mito de criação ameríndio: A Queda do Céu: palavras de um xamã Yanomami, de autoria do xamã e líder indígena Davi Kopenawa. Os resultados são interpretados a partir de um diálogo entre antropologia do imaginário e psicologia cultural e sinalizam que, diferentemente do que ocorre na narrativa adotada pela cultura ocidental, na ameríndia a animalidade e humanidade figuram como partes de um mesmo todo, imanentemente presentes em todos os seres, de tal modo que o contato com ancestrais espirituais somente é considerado possível com a mediação animal - o que faz da "natureza" uma dimensão fundamental do "divino" na cosmologia Yanomami. Discutese as implicações destes achados com relação a um pressuposto fundamental do pensamento psicológico: a noção de humanidade.

Western culture's imaginary positions human figure as exceptional and identified with cosmological wholeness: "humanity" is taken for granted in the construction of people's identity, while non-human beings are assigned a condition of non-subjects. This paper departs from the assumption that this worldview is supported by a fundamentally mythical structure, which has, as an important representant, world creation narrative expressed in the Hebrew-Christian Bible. Thus, this paper proposes an analysis of the relations between humanity and animality that are expressed in The Book of Genesis, first book of the Bible, comparing them with the way those same relations are expressed in an Amerindian creation myth: The Falling Sky: Words from a Yanomami shaman, from indigenous leader and shaman David Kopenawa. The results are interpreted from a dialogue between anthropology of the imaginary and cultural psychology and show that, unlike Western narrative, in Amerindian animality and humanity figure like parts of the same whole, immanently present in all beings: the contact with spiritual ancestors is only possible through animal mediation, which makes "nature" a fundamental dimension of the "divine" in Yanomami cosmology. I discuss the implications of these findings for a fundamental assumption of psychological thought: the notion of humanity

El imaginario de la cultura occidental reserva a la figura humana un lugar excepcional y identificado con la totalidad cosmológica: la "humanidad" se dá por certo en la construcción de la identidad de las personas, mientras que los seres no humanos están relegados a una condición de no sujetos. Este artículo parte del supuesto de que esta cosmovisión anclas en una estructura fundamentalmente mítica, que tiene como importante representante la narrativa de la creación del mundo presente en la Biblia Hebreo-Cristiana. Por ello, este trabajo propone un análisis de las relaciones entre humanidad y animalidad expresadas en Génesis, el primer libro de la Biblia, comparándolas con la forma en que estas mismas relaciones se expresan en un mito de la creación amerindio: La Caída del Cielo: palabras de un chamán Yanomami, de autoría del líder indígena y chamán David Kopenawa. Los resultados son interpretados desde un dialogo entre la antropología del imaginário y la psicología cultural y señalan que, a diferencia de la narrativa occidental, en la amerindia la "animalidade" y la "humanidade" figuran como partes del mismo todo, inmanentemente presentes en todos los seres, tal que el contacto con los antepasados espirituales solo se considera posible a través de la mediación animal, lo que hace de la "naturaliza" una dimensión fundamental de lo "divino" en la cosmología Yanomami. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos se discuten en relación con un supuesto fundamental del pensamiento psicológico: la noción de humanidad.

La concepción de la locura en el mundo aymara / The conception of madness in the yymara world / A concepção de loucura no mundo aymara

Los principios del pensamiento complejo que contempla la investigación consisten en enlazar, tejer conceptualmente y entablar diálogos de saberes a través de un recorrido histórico que permite una aproximación de la vida psíquica y la concepción aymara de la locura. Estos son transmitidos por discursos, mitos y ritos. Las investigaciones respecto a la locura privilegian estudios referidos a la medicina occidental, dejando de lado aspectos que aún perviven en el imaginario de los pueblos. Para esta investigación se utilizó el método etnológico y complementariamente el método analítico-interpretativo, junto al análisis de discurso y el método genealógico

The research works with the principles of complex thinking by linking and conceptually weaving them towards the establishment of dialogues of knowledge through an historical journey that allows an aproximation between psychic life and the Aymara conception of madness. The same dialogues of knowledge that are passed down by discurses, myths and rites. The research on insanity usually priviledges Western medicine studies, leaving aside aspects that still survive in people's mind and collective thinking. Both the ethnological method and the analytical-interpretive method were used in the development of the present reseach, as well as discourse analysis and the genealogical method.

Os princípios do pensamento complexo que a pesquisa contempla consistem em vincular, tecer conceitualmente, estabelecer um diálogo de saberes por meio de um percurso histórico que permite uma aproximação da vida psíquica e da concepção aimará de loucura, transmitida por discursos, mitos e ritos, As pesquisas sobre a loucura privilegiam os estudos relacionados à medicina ocidental, deixando de lado aspectos que ainda sobrevivem no imaginário dos povos. Utilizou-se o método etnológico e, adicionalmente, o método analítico-interpretativo, a análise do discurso e o método genealógico.

Mitos de violación, creencias que justifican la violencia sexual: una revisión sistemática / Rape myths, beliefs that justify sexual violence: a systematic review / Mitos do estupro, crenças que justificam a violência sexual: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen En investigación social existe una importante línea de estudios que intentan comprender el fenómeno de la violencia sexual. Un constructo que ha centrado el interés de no pocos investigadores corresponde al de "mitos de violación". Este concepto agrupa creencias erróneas respecto a la atribución de culpabilidad del agresor y la responsabilidad de la víctima en caso de violación sexual. El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos que reportan evidencia acerca de la relación entre la aceptación de mitos de violación y variables psicosociales. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost y JSTOR. Se seleccionaron estudios empíricos en español e inglés publicados entre los años 2009 y 2019. Se encontraron 96 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Dentro de los resultados el 63,4 % de las investigaciones se desarrollaron en Estados Unidos, 24,7 % en países de Europa y solo 1 % en América Latina. Los hallazgos muestran que los hombres son los que mantienen mayores niveles de aceptación de los mitos de violación en la mayoría de los estudios. Además, se encontraron relaciones con variables como violencia interpersonal y violencia sexual, rasgos de personalidad, variables ideológicas, psicosociales, sexuales y de género. Finalmente se discute sus implicancias y limitaciones.

Abstract In social research, there is an important line of studies that try to understand the phenomenon of sexual violence. A construct that has focused the interest of not a few researchers corresponds to that of "rape myths". This concept brings together a set of erroneous beliefs regarding the attribution of guilt of the aggressor and the responsibility of the victim in case of rape. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that have reported evidence about the relationship between the acceptance of rape myths and psychosocial variables. The databases consulted were, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, JSTOR. We selected empirical studies in Spanish and English that have been published between 2009 and 2019. We found 96 articles that met the selection criteria. Within the results, 63.4% of the studies have been developed in the United States, 24.7% in European countries and only one in Latin America (1.0%). The findings show that men maintain the highest levels of acceptance of rape myths in most studies. In addition, relationships have been found with variables such as interpersonal violence and sexual violence, personality traits, ideological, psychosocial, sexual and gender variables. Finally, its implications and limitations are discussed.

Resumo Na pesquisa social, há uma importante linha de estudos que tentam entender o fenômeno da violência sexual. Uma construção que tem focado o interesse de poucos pesquisadores corresponde à de "mitos do estupro". Esse conceito reúne um conjunto de crenças errôneas sobre a atribuição de culpa do agressor e a responsabilidade da vítima em caso de estupro. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos que relataram evidências sobre a relação entre a aceitação de mitos de estupro e variáveis psicossociais. As bases de dados consultadas foram: ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, JSTOR. Selecionamos estudos empíricos em espanhol e inglês que foram publicados entre 2009 e 2019. Encontramos 96 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Dentro dos resultados, 63,4% dos estudos foram desenvolvidos nos Estados Unidos, 24,7% em países europeus e apenas um na América Latina (1,0%). Os achados mostram que os homens mantêm os mais altos níveis de aceitação dos mitos do estupro na maioria dos estudos. Além disso, têm sido encontradas relações com variáveis como violência interpessoal e violência sexual, traços de personalidade, variáveis ideológicas, psicossociais, sexuais e de gênero. Finalmente, suas implicações e limitações são discutidas.